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Creighton Williams Abrams Jr. (15 September 1914 – 4 September 1974) was a United States Army general who commanded military operations in the Vietnam War from 1968 to 1972. He was then Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1972 until his death in 1974.
In 1980, the United States Army named its then new main battle tank, the M1 Abrams, after him. The IG Farben building in Germany was also named after Abrams from 1975 to 1995.
Abrams became an armor officer early in the development of that branch and served as a tank company commander in the 1st Armored Division in 1940.
During this time Abrams was promoted to the temporary ranks of major (February 1942), lieutenant colonel (September 1942), and colonel (April 1945). Abrams was promoted to lieutenant colonel at age 27 years, 11 months.
During much of this time, the 4th Armored Division, led by the 37th Tank Battalion, was the spearhead for General George S. Patton's Third Army. Abrams was well known as an aggressive armor commander. By using his qualities as a leader and by consistently exploiting the relatively small advantages of speed and reliability of his vehicles, he managed to defeat German forces that had the advantage of superior armor and superior guns. He was twice decorated with the Distinguished Service Cross for extraordinary heroism, on 20 September and 26 December 1944. General George Patton said of him: "I'm supposed to be the best tank commander in the Army, but I have one peer—Abe Abrams. He's the world champion."
Frequently the spearhead of the Third Army during World War II, Abrams was one of the leaders in the relief effort that broke up the Wehrmacht entrenchments surrounding Bastogne and the 101st Airborne Division during the Battle of the Bulge. In April 1945, he was promoted to temporary colonel but reverted to lieutenant colonel during the post-war demobilization. On April 23, 1945, Will Lang Jr. wrote a biography of Abrams called "Colonel Abe" for Life.
Abrams commanded the 63rd Tank Battalion, part of the 1st Infantry Division, in Europe (1949–1951). He was again promoted to colonel and commanded the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment (1951–1952). These units were important assignments due to the Cold War concern for potential invasion of western Europe by the Soviet Union. He then attended and graduated from the Army War College in 1953.
Because of Abrams's service in Europe and his War College tour, he joined the Korean War late. In South Korea (1953–1954), he successively served as chief of staff of the I, IX, and X Corps.
He performed a similar role in May 1963 during the civil rights protests in Birmingham, Alabama. Following these roles Abrams demanded a more coherent policy for the swift employment of Federal forces domestically. In May 1963, the Joint Chiefs formalized those arrangements with the Strike Command instructed to be prepared "to move ready, deployable, tailored Army forces ranging in size from a reinforced company to a maximum force of 15,000 personnel".
He was promoted to lieutenant general and commanded V Corps in Europe (1963–1964).
Abrams was on the cover of Time magazine three times in ten years: 1961 (13 October), 1968 (19 April), and 1971 (15 February).
Abrams succeeded Westmoreland as COMUSMACV on 10 June 1968. His tenure of command was not marked by the public optimism of his predecessors, who were prone to press conferences and public statements.
Lewis Sorley asserted that in contrast to Westmoreland, Abrams implemented counterinsurgency tactics that focused on winning the hearts and minds of the Vietnamese rural population. A joint military-civilian organization named Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support under CIA official William Colby carried out the hearts and minds programs. According to a colonel cited in Men's Journal, there was more continuity than change in Vietnam after Abrams succeeded Westmoreland.
Newsweek magazine at the time of Abrams' appointment observed that its sources within the Lyndon Johnson administration had spoken at length with Abrams in the past, and had come away convinced that the general would make few changes. The magazine quoted an unidentified military analyst to the effect that, "All this talk of dropping search-and destroy operations in favor of clear-and-hold is just a lot of bull." None of the strategy papers produced by Abrams on assuming command of MACV indicated the need for any change in U.S. strategy and U.S. forces continued large-scale operations to engage People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) main force units including the Battle of Hamburger Hill in May 1969.
From 1969, the Vietnam War increasingly became a conventional war between the military forces of South Vietnam and North Vietnam. Following the election of President Richard Nixon, Abrams began implementing the Nixon Administration's Vietnamization policy to decrease U.S. involvement in Vietnam. With this new goal, Abrams decreased American troop strength from a peak of 543,000 in early 1969 to 49,000 in June 1972.
The South Vietnamese forces with aerial support from the U.S. repelled the PAVN conventional Easter Offensive in 1972. The prolonged efforts and expense of the war had by then exhausted much of the American public and political support. Abrams disdained most of the politicians with whom he was forced to deal, in particular Robert McNamara and McGeorge Bundy, and had an even lower opinion of defense contractors, whom he accused of war profiteering.
Abrams was in charge of the Cambodian Incursion in 1970. President Nixon seemed to hold Abrams in high regard, and often relied on his advice. In a tape-recorded conversation between Nixon and National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger on December 9, 1970, Nixon told Kissinger about Abrams' thoughts on intervention in Cambodia that: "If Abrams strongly recommends it we will do it." Mr. Kissinger/The President (tape) Troop levels in Vietnam eventually reached 25,000 in January 1973, at the time of the four power Paris Peace Accords. Although it occurred before he assumed total command, Abrams bore the brunt of fallout from the My Lai massacre in March 1968.
Nixon grew increasingly dissatisfied with Abrams' performance during Operation Lam Son 719 and had debated for some time whether to recall Abrams. On 4 May 1972, a little more than a month after the onset of the Easter Offensive, Nixon resolved to replace Abrams with his former deputy General Frederick Weyand, but the decision was not publicly announced until 20 June 1972.
In January 1974, Abrams directed the formation of a Ranger battalion. The 1st Battalion (Ranger), 75th Infantry, was activated and parachuted into Fort Stewart, Georgia, on 1 July; the 2nd Battalion (Ranger), 75th Infantry followed with activation on 1 October. The 3rd Battalion, 75th Infantry (Ranger), and Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 75th Infantry (Ranger), received their colors a decade later on 3 October 1984, at Fort Benning, Georgia. The 75th Ranger Regiment was designated in February 1986. The modern Ranger battalions owe their existence to Abrams and his charter:
Abrams served as Chief of Staff until his death on 4 September 1974.
The Abramses had three sons and three daughters. All three sons became Army general officers, including John Nelson Abrams and Robert Bruce Abrams.
Abrams converted to Catholic Church during his time in Vietnam. He was raised as Methodist Protestant.
A heavy cigar smoker, Abrams died at age 59, eleven days before his 60th birthday at Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, D.C., from complications of surgery to remove a cancerous lung. He is buried with his wife Julia in Arlington National Cemetery. Burial Detail: Abrams, Creighton W (Site 21, Grave S-33) – ANC Explorer
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Vietnam War
Abrams was promoted to general in 1964 and appointed Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army. He was seriously considered as a candidate for chief of staff. Due to concerns about the conduct of the Vietnam War, he was appointed as deputy to his West Point classmate, General William Westmoreland, commander of the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), in May 1967.
Chief of Staff
Abrams was appointed Chief of Staff of the United States Army by Nixon in June 1972. He was not confirmed by the United States Senate until October, due to political repercussions involving accusations of unauthorized bombings of North Vietnam. It has also been reported that Congress had delayed the confirmation to question the administration's war in Cambodia. During this time, Abrams began the transition to the all-volunteer army, also known as Project VOLAR.
Personal life
Born in Springfield, Massachusetts, and raised in the Feeding Hills section of Agawam, he was the son of Nellie Louise (Randall) and Creighton Williams Abrams, a railroad worker. Abrams married Julia Berthe Harvey in 1936. She founded the army group of Arlington Ladies and devoted time to humanitarian causes.
Awards and decorations
His awards and decorations include:
Distinguished Service Cross with bronze oak leaf cluster Defense Distinguished Service Medal with bronze oak leaf cluster Army Distinguished Service Medal with four bronze oak leaf clusters Air Force Distinguished Service Medal Silver Star with bronze oak leaf cluster Legion of Merit with bronze oak leaf cluster Bronze Star Medal with V device Joint Service Commendation Medal American Defense Service Medal American Campaign Medal European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with silver campaign star Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal World War II Victory Medal Army of Occupation Medal National Defense Service Medal with one bronze oak leaf cluster Korean Service Medal with bronze campaign star Vietnam Service Medal with two silver and three campaign stars Vietnam Service Medal with bronze campaign star (second ribbon required for accoutrement spacing) Army Presidential Unit Citation
His foreign awards and decorations include:
Order of the Patriotic War Second Class (Soviet Union) Czechoslovak War Cross 1939–1945 (Czechoslovakia) Order of the Rising Sun, Grand Cordon (Japan) Order of Sikatuna, rank of Lakan (Commander) (Philippines) Philippine Liberation Medal (Philippines) with Gold Star Order of National Security Merit, Tongil Medal (South Korea) Order of National Security Merit, Gukseon Medal (South Korea) Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation (South Korea) National Order of Vietnam, Knight Grand Cross (South Vietnam) Army Distinguished Service Order, First Class (South Vietnam) Air Force Distinguished Service Order, First Class (South Vietnam) Navy Distinguished Service Order, First Class (South Vietnam) Gallantry Cross with Palm (South Vietnam) Armed Forces Honor Medal, First Class (South Vietnam) Civil Actions Medal, First Class (South Vietnam) the Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant, Knight Grand Cross (Thailand) The Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand, Knight Grand Cross (Thailand)
French Fourragère
Army Staff Identification Badge
Dates of rank
Notes
Citations
External links
Categories: 1914 Births, 1974 Deaths, United States Army Personnel Of The Korean War, United States Army Personnel Of The Vietnam War, United States Army Personnel Of World War Ii, Burials At Arlington National Cemetery, Joint Chiefs Of Staff, Military Personnel From Springfield, Massachusetts, Tank Commanders, Chiefs Of Staff Of The United States Army, United States Army Command And General Staff College Alumni, United States Army Generals, United States Army Vice Chiefs Of Staff, United States Military Academy Alumni, United States Army War College Alumni, Converts To Roman Catholicism From Methodism, Catholics From Massachusetts, Recipients Of The Distinguished Service Cross, Recipients Of The Defense Distinguished Service Medal, Recipients Of The Distinguished Service Medal, Recipients Of The Air Force Distinguished Service Medal, Recipients Of The Silver Star, Recipients Of The Legion Of Merit, Recipients Of The Czechoslovak War Cross, Knights Of The Legion Of Honour, Commanders Of The Legion Of Honour, American Recipients Of The Croix De Guerre 1939–1945, Grand Cordons Of The Order Of The Rising Sun, Recipients Of The Order Of Military Merit, Order Of National Security Merit Members, Recipients Of The National Order Of Vietnam, American Recipients Of The Gallantry Cross, Companions Of The Distinguished Service Order
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